One of the few exceptions is the early Classical Temple D, an 8 × 20 columns peripteros, at Metapontum. Panel painted on the scaffolding of the Temple of Concordia site from Agrigento in 2006, 1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the entablature on a Doric temple. the Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias. The temple in the Heraion of Samos, erected by Rhoikos around 560 BCE, is the first known dipteros, with outside dimensions of 52 × 105 m.[60] A double portico of 8 × 21 columns enclosed the naos, the back even had ten columns. In such cases, the money came from the private treasury of the donor. On remarque que le chapiteau est plus travaillé, il est caractérisé par des volutes. To loosen up the mathematical strictness and to counteract distortions of human visual perception, a slight curvature of the whole building, hardly visible with the naked eye, was introduced. As a result, numerous temples of the Classical period in Greece (c. 500 BCE to 336 BCE) had 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumnitions. It consists of several layers of squared stone blocks. The largest such structure was the Olympieion of Akragas, an 8 × 17 columns peripteros, but in many regards an absolutely "un-Greek" structure, equipped with details such as engaged, figural pillars (Telamons), and a peristasis partially closed off by walls. Recessed or otherwise shaded elements, like mutules or triglyph slits could be painted black. Homer A. Thompson & Richard E. Wycherley : "The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India" Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press, 2013, p.327, "The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans", John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1 janv. the Gigantomachy on the temple of Hekate at Lagina, or the Amazonomachy on the temple of Artemis at Magnesia on the Maeander, both from the late 2nd century BCE. Codification qui, dans la période Archaïque, sera développé pour 'architecture Templiers deviendrais 'hellénisme le langage universel du monde Méditerranée. The frieze was originally placed in front of the roof beams, which were externally visible only in the earlier temples of Asia Minor. The Parthenon[48] maintains the same proportion at a larger scale of 8 × 17 columns, but follows the same principles. The capitals of this structure were probably still entirely of wood, as was the entablature. If the colonies showed remarkable independence and will to experiment in basic terms, they did so even more in terms of detail. TEMPLE THOLOS : temple circulaire, uniquement composé d'un naos. - temple grec stock illustrations This process was certainly under way by the 9th century BCE, and probably started earlier.[3]. The technical possibilities of the western Greeks, which had progressed beyond those in the motherland, permitted many deviations. There is very little evidence of Ionic temples in Magna Graecia. The same proportions, in a more abstract form, determine most of the Parthenon, not only in its 8 × 17 column peristasis, but also, reduced to 4:9, in all other basic measurements, including the intercolumniations, the stylobate, the width-height proportion of the entire building, and the geison (here reversed to 9:4).[27]. la temple Il peut être considéré comme la réalisation la plus difficile de 'l'architecture grecque. "Architecture in City and Sanctuary". The Greeks used a limited number of spatial components, influencing the plan, and of architectural members, determining the elevation. All of the superstructure is affected by curvature. One of the columns in the opisthodomos remained wooden at least until the 2nd century AD, when Pausanias described it. A Hellenistic and Roman form of this shape is the pseudoperipteros, where the side columns of the peristasis are indicated only by engaged columns or pilasters directly attached to the external naos walls. But in spite of such examples and of the positive conditions produced by the economic upturn and the high degree of technical innovation in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE,[11] Hellenistic religious architecture is mostly represented by a multitude of small temples in antis and prostyle temples, as well as tiny shrines (naiskoi). This building, initially constructed entirely of wood and mudbrick, had its wooden columns gradually replaced with stone ones over time. The Temple of Hephaistos at Athens, erected shortly after the Parthenon, uses the same aesthetic and proportional principles, without adhering as closely to the 4:9 proportion.[49]. An example is Temple C at Thermos, c. 625 BCE,[40] a 100-foot-long (30 m) hekatompedos, surrounded by a peristasis of 5 × 15 columns, its naos divided in two aisles by a central row of columns. La Grèce étant majoritairement rocheuse avec des montagnes escarpés avec peu de grande forêt le principal matériau étant la pierre et le calcaire qui se trouve facilement. For example, innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before, leading to some very deep peristaseis and broad naoi. The rectangular wall blocks have usually been carried off for re-use, and some buildings have been destroyed or weakened merely to get the bronze pins linking blocks. and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200 BCE. This 6 × 16 column temple already called for a solution to the Doric corner conflict. The first temples were mostly mud, brick, and marble structures on stone foundations. Construction ceased around 500 BCE, but was restarted in 331 BCE and finally completed in the 2nd century BCE. This small ionic prostyle temple had engaged columns along the sides and back, the peristasis was thus reduced to a mere hint of a full portico facade.[72]. Allemagne et France En Allemagne, l’architecture néo-grecque se trouve principalement dans deux centres, Berlin et Munich. Voir cette illustration en : anglais | espagnol. Many of the Greek statues well known from Roman marble copies were originally temple cult images, which in some cases, such as the Apollo Barberini, can be credibly identified. Les Athéniens qui ont assisté à des représentations données par les grands maîtres du théâtre grec Sophocle, Eschyle et Euripide ont eu pour sièges des bancs en bois installés sur le flanc sud de lAcropole. The Temple of Nike Aptera on the Acropolis, a small amphiprostyle temple completed around 420 BCE, with Ionic columns on plinthless Attic bases, a triple-layered architrave and a figural frieze, but without the typical Ionic dentil, is notable. It probably dates to the late 3rd century BCE. Ces structures sont des mégarones; c'est-à-dire des pièces rectangulaires avec des colonnes. The grid of the temple of Magnesia was based on a 12-by-12-foot (3.7 m × 3.7 m) square. In the Doric order, the entablature always consists of two parts, the architrave and the Doric frieze (or triglyph frieze). La colonne est souvent en forme tronconique et est composée d’un fût composé de plusieurs tambours (=blocs de pierres superposés et ajustés). Stereobate, euthynteria and crepidoma form the substructure of the temple. For example, depictions of the running Nike crowned the Alcmaeonid temple of Apollo at Delphi, and mounted amazons formed the corner akroteria of the temple of Asklepios in Epidauros. at Mylasa[84] and, on the middle gymnasium terrace at Pergamon.[85]. A variant of that type has the opisthodomos at the back of the naos indicated merely by half-columns and shortened antae, so that it can be described as a pseudo-opisthodomos. Roughly beginning with the erection of the older Artemision of Ephesos around 550 BCE[62] the quantity of archaeological remains of Ionic temples increases. A very few actual originals survive, for example the bronze Piraeus Athena (2.35 metres high, including a helmet). La crepis comporte trois degrès. Néanmoins, le grec a continué à être favorable en Ecosse jusque dans les années 1870 au singulier personnage d’Alexander Thomson, connu sous le nom de “Thomson grec”. Metope from the Temple of Zeus from Olympia, A centaur struggling with a Lapith on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum (London), Lapith fighting a centaur on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum, Architrave with sculpted metope showing sun god Helios in a quadriga, from the Temple of Athena at Troy, circa 300-280 BC. These measurements were in set proportions to other elements of design, such as column height and column distance. L'architecture des temples varie selon la période et le lieu géographique. This is partially due to the influence of the architect Hermogenes of Priene, who redefined the principles of Ionic temple construction both practically and through theoretical work. Until the 8th century BCE, there were also apsidal structures with more or less semi-circular back walls, but the rectangular type prevailed. TEMPLE AMPHIPROSTYLE : temple avec des colonnes sur la face avant et arrière. Il est aussi utilisé en Grèce. An early case of this is temple L at Epidauros, followed by many prominent Roman examples, such as the Maison Carrée at Nîmes. Another determining design feature was the relationship linking naos and peristasis. Study of the soils around temple sites, is evidence that temple sites were chosen with regard to particular deities: for example, amid arable soils for the agricultural deities Dionysos and Demeter, and near rocky soils for the hunter gatherer deities Apollo and Artemis. Le temple grec (le temple se dit en grec ancien ὁ ναός, ho naós « l'intérieur », sémantiquement différent du latin templum, « temple ») est un type d'édifice religieux développé en Grèce antique dans le cadre de la religion grecque. It is based on a 6-by-6-foot (1.8 m × 1.8 m) grid (the exact dimensions of its plinths). [53] The peristasis of monumental Doric temples is merely hinted at here; the function as a simple canopy for the shrine of the cult statue is clear. The earliest stone columns did not display the simple squatness of the high and late Archaic specimens, but rather mirror the slenderness of their wooden predecessors. Le théâtre et le temple d'Apollon à Delphes 3. Important factors include the lower diameter of the columns and the width of their plinths. Recherchez parmi des Temple Grec photos et des images libres de droits sur iStock. The combination of the temple with colonnades (ptera) on all sides posed a new aesthetic challenge for the architects and patrons: the structures had to be built to be viewed from all directions. Typiquement, ces styles isolés: 1. distillat; 2. prostyle; 3. amphiprostyle; 4. peripter; 5. diptère; 6. psevdodipter; 7. Greek temples (Ancient Greek: ναός, romanized: naós, lit. These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture. It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. Tout cela a été construit en proportion de la taille moyenne des humains, contrairement aux bâtiments tels que les pyramides égyptiennes, conçus pour s'adapter aux divinités. Zeus with a thunderbolt, fighting a Giant. All of these details suggest an Alexandrian workshop, since Alexandria showed the greatest tendency to combine Doric entablatures with Corinthian capitals and to do without the plinth under Attic bases. Les temples étaient souvent flanqués d'une colonnade (rangée de colonnes) soit sur deux, soit sur quatre côtés. A door allows the naos to be accessed from the pronaos. Trouvez des photos de banque d’images de haute qualité, que vous ne trouverez nulle part ailleurs. [36], Building contracts were advertised after a popular or elected assembly had passed the relevant motion. From the 3rd century BCE onward, the construction of large temples became less common; after a short 2nd century BCE flourish, it ceased nearly entirely in the 1st century BCE. The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m, i.e. The columns and superstructure (entablature) were wooden, door openings and antae were protected with wooden planks. The increasing reduction of the number of columns along the long sides, clearly visible on Ionic temples, is mirrored in Doric constructions. On trouve beaucoup de marbre blanc de grande qualité notamment sur les îles de Paros et Naxos. Not one block of the building, not a single architrave or frieze element could be hewn as a simple rectilinear block. As marble is not entirely opaque, those naoi may have been permeated with a distinctive diffused light. In Sicily the Valle dei Templi near Agrigento has an even larger group, with the main structure of the Temple of Concordia especially well-preserved. Stylistically, they were governed by the regionally specific architectural orders. The columns stood on ephesian bases, 36 of them were decorated with life-sized friezes of human figures at the bottom of the shaft, the so-called columnae caelatae. Thus, the east pediment at Olympia depicts the preparations for a chariot race between Pelops and Oinomaos, the mythical king of nearby Pisa. Canonical Greek temples maintained the same basic structure throughout many centuries. In its simplest form as a naos, the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls (antae), forming a small porch. Ionic peripteroi were usually somewhat smaller and shorter in their dimensions than Doric ones. For example, there are two examples of temples with uneven column numbers at the front, Temple of Hera I at Paestum[42] and Temple of Apollo A at Metapontum. In Archaic times, even the architrave could be relief-decorated on Ionic temples, as demonstrated by the earlier temple of Apollo at Didyma. Linteau. According to the three major orders, a basic distinction can be made between the Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian temple. An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. Considering that a worker was paid about two drachmas, that equals nearly 2 million euro (on a modern west European wage scale). Thus, the interior only received a limited amount of light. Il a également des colonnes et une ouverture centrale. The Parthenon naos, also had another impressive feature, namely two tiers of columns atop each other, as did the temple of Aphaia on Aegina. This idea was later copied in Didyma, Ephesos and Athens. The pedimental sculpture of the first peripteral temple on the Athenian Acropolis, from c. 570 BCE, is nearly free-standing sculpture, but remains dominated by a central scene of fighting lions. Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of the columns or by the dimensions of the foundation levels. If they are surrounded by a colonnade, they are known as peripteral tholoi. shortly after 600 BCE on the temple of Artemis at Kerkyra, where the west pediment is taken up by the gorgon Medusa and her children at the centre, flanked by panthers. In the Doric order, the capital consists of a circular torus bulge, originally very flat, the so-called echinus, and a square slab, the abacus. This relationship between the axes of walls and columns, almost a matter of course in smaller structures, remained undefined and without fixed rules for nearly a century: the position of the naos "floated" within the peristasis. Ionic volute capitals survive from the outer peristasis of the later rebuilding by Polycrates. Cette salle est réservée à la dépose d'offrandes et d'argent du peuple grec. Here, already on the Archaic temples, the lower parts of the column shafts were decorated by protruding relief decorations, originally depicting rows of figures, replaced on their late Classical and Hellenistic successors with mythological scenes and battles. The battles against the centaurs and Amazons, as well as the gigantomachy, all three depicted on the Parthenon, were recurring themes on many temples. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BCE and the 7th century BCE. The peristasis often had a depth of two column distances, e.g. a 1:2 proportion. Its column bays (axis to axis) measured 16 feet (4.9 m), a triglyph + metope 8 feet (2.4 m), a mutulus plus the adjacent space (via) 4 feet (1.2 m), the tile width of the marble roof was 2 feet (0.61 m). Bonjour! For example, the antae of pronaos and opisthodomos are shortened so as to form simple pillars. Already around 600 BCE, the demand of viewability from all sides was applied to the Doric temple, leading to the mirroring of the frontal pronaos by an opisthodomos at the back. Its Asian elements and its conception as a dipteros made the temple an exception in Athens. The temple was burnt down by Herostratos in 356 BCE and reerected soon thereafter. ARCHITECTURE DES TEMPLES GRECS Tout d'abord, il est important de préciser que le temple grec est consacré à une divinité. [77], The first dateable and well-preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the Olympieion of Athens, planned and started between 175–146 BCE. The construction of Corinthian temples became a typical expression of self-confidence and independence. Certains ne contiennent qu'une salle, d'autres sont pourvus d'une colonnade. LLLLe temple grec n’est pas un lieu de culte : c’est la maison d’un dieu et de sa statue. The temple had 6 × 11 columns, i.e. Parthenon. at Temple of Hera I, Paestum, and temples C, F and G at Selinus,[56] classifying them as pseudodipteroi. Again, the corners contain separate scenes, including Heracles fighting Triton. Since the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the proportion of column width to the space between columns, the intercolumnium, played an increasingly important role in architectural theory, reflected, for example, in the works of Vitruvius. [86] As an element of Roman architecture, the Corinthian temple came to be widely distributed in all of the Graeco-Roman world, especially in Asia Minor, until the late Imperial period. The complex formed by the naos, pronaos, opisthodomos and possibly the adyton is enclosed on all four sides by the peristasis, usually a single row, rarely a double one, of columns. After the reintroduction of stone architecture, the essential elements and forms of each temple, such as the number of columns and of column rows, underwent constant change throughout Greek antiquity. The front used differing column distances, with a wider central opening. All measurements in the Parthenon are determined by the proportion 4:9. Between the 6th and the late 4th century BCE, innumerable temples were built; nearly every polis, every Greek colony contained one or several. Walter Voigtländer in: Adolf Hoffmann; Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner; incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state, "Minoan and Mycenaean civilization comparison", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&oldid=993843906, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Pyknostyle, tight-columned: intercolumnium = 1 ½ lower column diameters, Systyle, close-columned: intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters, Eustyle, well-columned: intercolumnium = 2 ¼ lower column diameters, Diastyle, board-columned: interkolumnium = 3 lower column diameters, Araeostyle, light-columned: intercolumnium = 3 ½ lower column diameters, Yeroulanou, Marina. Not far away, Segesta has a single Doric temple whose main structure is largely intact. L’exemple le plus simple d’un temple grec est le templum in antis, une petite structure rectangulaire abritant la statue du culte. La colonne est caractérisée par son absence de base, elle repose directement sur le stylobate qui est le dernier degré de la crepis. The capitals support the entablature. Only in the colonies could the Doric corner conflict be ignored. Les Grecs couvraient leurs bâtiments avec des poutres en bois couvertes de tuiles de terre cuite (ou parfois … Their self-aggrandisation, rivalry, desires to stabilise their spheres of influence, as well as the increasing conflict with Rome (partially played out in the field of culture), combined to release much energy into the revival of complex Greek temple architecture. Exceptions are found in the temples of Apollo at Bassae and of Athena at Tegea, where the southern naos wall had a door, potentially allowing more light into the interior. They could depict bowls and tripods, griffins, sphinxes, and especially mythical figures and deities. to reverse the system described above and deduce the smaller units from the bigger ones. In some cases, different solutions were used on the broad and narrow sides of the same building. A xoanon was a primitive and symbolic wooden image, perhaps comparable to the Hindu lingam; many of these were retained and revered for their antiquity. Its columns are powerful, with only a slight entasis; the echinus of the capitals is already nearly linear at 45°. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes (France), from 16 BCE, a typical Roman temple, is a Corinthian hexaystyle pseudoperipteros. Afterwards, another committee would supervise the building process. En dehors de s… According to this proportion, Vitruvius (3, 3, 1 ff) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types: The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to Hermogenes, whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the eustylos. J.C.. For example, the Athenian Parthenon, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD. J.C. puis en haut relief. [37], The costs could be immense. The Parthenon's Archaic predecessor already contained such a room. C'est le cas du Parthénon. Les Grecs connaissaient le principe de l'arche de maçonnerie mais l'utilisaient peu, car ils ne posaient peu de dômes sur leurs bâtiments ; ces raffinements furent laissés aux Romains. Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings, but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500 kg a piece.
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